rdf_db.pl -- Core RDF database

The file library(semweb/rdf_db) provides the core of the SWI-Prolog RDF store.

deprecated

- New applications should use library(semweb/rdf11), which provides a much more intuitive API to the RDF store, notably for handling literals. The library(semweb/rdf11) runs currently on top of this library and both can run side-by-side in the same application. Terms retrieved from the database however have a different shape and can not be exchanged without precautions.

 rdf_equal(?Resource1, ?Resource2)

Simple equality test to exploit goal-expansion.

 lang_equal(+Lang1, +Lang2) is semidet

True if two RFC language specifiers denote the same language

See also

- lang_matches/2.

 lang_matches(+Lang, +Pattern) is semidet

True if Lang matches Pattern. This implements XML language matching conform RFC 4647. Both Lang and Pattern are dash-separated strings of identifiers or (for Pattern) the wildcard *. Identifiers are matched case-insensitive and a * matches any number of identifiers. A short pattern is the same as *.

 rdf(?Subject, ?Predicate, ?Object) is nondet

Elementary query for triples. Subject and Predicate are atoms representing the fully qualified URL of the resource. Object is either an atom representing a resource or literal(Value) if the object is a literal value. If a value of the form NameSpaceID:LocalName is provided it is expanded to a ground atom using expand_goal/2. This implies you can use this construct in compiled code without paying a performance penalty. Literal values take one of the following forms:

Atom

If the value is a simple atom it is the textual representation of a string literal without explicit type or language qualifier.

lang(LangID, Atom)

Atom represents the text of a string literal qualified with the given language.

type(TypeID, Value)

Used for attributes qualified using the rdf:datatype TypeID. The Value is either the textual representation or a natural Prolog representation. See the option convert_typed_literal(:Convertor) of the parser. The storage layer provides efficient handling of atoms, integers (64-bit) and floats (native C-doubles). All other data is represented as a Prolog record.

For literal querying purposes, Object can be of the form literal(+Query, -Value), where Query is one of the terms below. If the Query takes a literal argument and the value has a numeric type numerical comparison is performed.

plain(+Text)

Perform exact match and demand the language or type qualifiers to match. This query is fully indexed.

icase(+Text)

Perform a full but case-insensitive match. This query is fully indexed.

exact(+Text)

Same as icase(Text). Backward compatibility.

substring(+Text)

Match any literal that contains Text as a case-insensitive substring. The query is not indexed on Object.

word(+Text)

Match any literal that contains Text delimited by a non alpha-numeric character, the start or end of the string. The query is not indexed on Object.

prefix(+Text)

Match any literal that starts with Text. This call is intended for completion. The query is indexed using the skip list of literals.

ge(+Literal)

Match any literal that is equal or larger than Literal in the ordered set of literals.

gt(+Literal)

Match any literal that is larger than Literal in the ordered set of literals.

eq(+Literal)

Match any literal that is equal to Literal in the ordered set of literals.

le(+Literal)

Match any literal that is equal or smaller than Literal in the ordered set of literals.

lt(+Literal)

Match any literal that is smaller than Literal in the ordered set of literals.

between(+Literal1, +Literal2)

Match any literal that is between Literal1 and Literal2 in the ordered set of literals. This may include both Literal1 and Literal2.

like(+Pattern)

Match any literal that matches Pattern case insensitively, where the `*' character in Pattern matches zero or more characters.

Backtracking never returns duplicate triples. Duplicates can be retrieved using rdf/4. The predicate rdf/3 raises a type-error if called with improper arguments. If rdf/3 is called with a term literal(_) as Subject or Predicate object it fails silently. This allows for graph matching goals like rdf(S,P,O),rdf(O,P2,O2) to proceed without errors.

 rdf(?Subject, ?Predicate, ?Object, ?Source) is nondet

As rdf/3 but in addition query the graph to which the triple belongs. Unlike rdf/3, this predicate does not remove duplicates from the result set.

Arguments:

Source

- is a term Graph:Line. If Source is instatiated, passing an atom is the same as passing Atom:_.

 rdf_has(?Subject, +Predicate, ?Object) is nondet

Succeeds if the triple rdf(Subject, Predicate, Object) is true exploiting the rdfs:subPropertyOf predicate as well as inverse predicates declared using rdf_set_predicate/2 with the inverse_of property.

 rdf_has(?Subject, +Predicate, ?Object, -RealPredicate) is nondet

Same as rdf_has/3, but RealPredicate is unified to the actual predicate that makes this relation true. RealPredicate must be Predicate or an rdfs:subPropertyOf Predicate. If an inverse match is found, RealPredicate is the term inverse_of(Pred).

 rdf_reachable(?Subject, +Predicate, ?Object) is nondet

Is true if Object can be reached from Subject following the transitive predicate Predicate or a sub-property thereof, while repecting the symetric(true) or inverse_of(P2) properties.

If used with either Subject or Object unbound, it first returns the origin, followed by the reachable nodes in breadth-first search-order. The implementation internally looks one solution ahead and succeeds deterministically on the last solution. This predicate never generates the same node twice and is robust against cycles in the transitive relation.

With all arguments instantiated, it succeeds deterministically if a path can be found from Subject to Object. Searching starts at Subject, assuming the branching factor is normally lower. A call with both Subject and Object unbound raises an instantiation error. The following example generates all subclasses of rdfs:Resource:

?- rdf_reachable(X, rdfs:subClassOf, rdfs:'Resource').
X = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource' ;
X = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class' ;
X = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property' ;
...

 rdf_reachable(?Subject, +Predicate, ?Object, +MaxD, -D) is nondet

Same as rdf_reachable/3, but in addition, MaxD limits the number of edges expanded and D is unified with the `distance' between Subject and Object. Distance 0 means Subject and Object are the same resource. MaxD can be the constant infinite to impose no distance-limit.

 rdf_subject(?Resource) is nondet

True if Resource appears as a subject. This query respects the visibility rules implied by the logical update view.

See also

- rdf_resource/1.

 rdf_resource(?Resource) is nondet

True when Resource is a resource used as a subject or object in a triple.

This predicate is primarily intended as a way to process all resources without processing resources twice. The user must be aware that some of the returned resources may not appear in any visible triple.

 rdf_assert(+Subject, +Predicate, +Object) is det

Assert a new triple into the database. This is equivalent to rdf_assert/4 using Graph user. Subject and Predicate are resources. Object is either a resource or a term literal(Value). See rdf/3 for an explanation of Value for typed and language qualified literals. All arguments are subject to name-space expansion. Complete duplicates (including the same graph and `line' and with a compatible `lifespan') are not added to the database.

 rdf_assert(+Subject, +Predicate, +Object, +Graph) is det

As rdf_assert/3, adding the predicate to the indicated named graph.

Arguments:

Graph

- is either the name of a graph (an atom) or a term Graph:Line, where Line is an integer that denotes a line number.

 rdf_retractall(?Subject, ?Predicate, ?Object) is det

Remove all matching triples from the database. As rdf_retractall/4 using an unbound graph.

 rdf_retractall(?Subject, ?Predicate, ?Object, ?Graph) is det

As rdf_retractall/3, also matching Graph. This is particulary useful to remove all triples coming from a loaded file. See also rdf_unload/1.

 rdf_update(+Subject, +Predicate, +Object, ++Action) is det

 rdf_update(+Subject, +Predicate, +Object, +Graph, ++Action) is det

Replaces one of the three (four) fields on the matching triples depending on Action:

subject(Resource)

Changes the first field of the triple.

predicate(Resource)

Changes the second field of the triple.

object(Object)

Changes the last field of the triple to the given resource or literal(Value).

graph(Graph)

Moves the triple from its current named graph to Graph. This only works with rdf_update/5 and throws an error when used with rdf_update/4.

 rdf_member_property(?Prop, ?Index)

Deal with the rdf:_1, ... properties.

 rdf_node(-Id)

Generate a unique blank node identifier for a subject.

deprecated

- New code should use rdf_bnode/1.

 rdf_bnode(-Id)

Generate a unique anonymous identifier for a subject.

 rdf_is_bnode(+Id)

Tests if a resource is a blank node (i.e. is an anonymous resource). A blank node is represented as an atom that starts with _:. For backward compatibility reason, __ is also considered to be a blank node.

See also

- rdf_bnode/1.

 rdf_is_resource(@Term) is semidet

True if Term is an RDF resource. Note that this is merely a type-test; it does not mean this resource is involved in any triple. Blank nodes are also considered resources.

See also

- rdf_is_bnode/1

 rdf_is_literal(@Term) is semidet

True if Term is an RDF literal object. Currently only checks for groundness and the literal functor.

 rdf_current_literal(-Literal) is nondet

True when Literal is a currently known literal. Enumerates each unique literal exactly once. Note that it is possible that the literal only appears in already deleted triples. Deleted triples may be locked due to active queries, transactions or snapshots or may not yet be reclaimed by the garbage collector.

 rdf_literal_value(+Literal, -Value) is semidet

True when value is the appropriate Prolog representation of Literal in the RDF value space. Current mapping:

Plain literals	Atom
Language tagged literal	Atom holding plain text
xsd:string	Atom
rdf:XMLLiteral	XML DOM Tree
Numeric XSD type	Number

To be done

- Well, this is the long-term idea.

- Add mode (-,+)

 rdf_source_location(+Subject, -Location) is nondet

True when triples for Subject are loaded from Location.

Arguments:

Location

- is a term File:Line.

 rdf_gc is det

Run the RDF-DB garbage collector until no garbage is left and all tables are fully optimized. Under normal operation a separate thread with identifier __rdf_GC performs garbage collection as long as it is considered `useful'.

Using rdf_gc/0 should only be needed to ensure a fully clean database for analysis purposes such as leak detection.

 rdf_statistics(?KeyValue) is nondet

Obtain statistics on the RDF database. Defined statistics are:

graphs(-Count)

Number of named graphs.

triples(-Count)

Total number of triples in the database. This is the number of asserted triples minus the number of retracted ones. The number of visible triples in a particular context may be different due to visibility rules defined by the logical update view and transaction isolation.

resources(-Count)

Number of resources that appear as subject or object in a triple. See rdf_resource/1.

properties(-Count)

Number of current predicates. See rdf_current_predicate/1.

literals(-Count)

Number of current literals. See rdf_current_literal/1.

gc(GCCount, ReclaimedTriples, ReindexedTriples, Time)

Information about the garbage collector.

searched_nodes(-Count)

Number of nodes expanded by rdf_reachable/3 and rdf_reachable/5.

lookup(rdf(S, P, O, G), Count)

Number of queries that have been performed for this particular instantiation pattern. Each of S,P,O,G is either + or -. Fails in case the number of performed queries is zero.

hash_quality(rdf(S, P, O, G), Buckets, Quality, PendingResize)

Statistics on the index for this pattern. Indices are created lazily on the first relevant query.

triples_by_graph(Graph, Count)

This statistics is produced for each named graph. See triples for the interpretation of this value.

 rdf_current_predicate(?Predicate) is nondet

True when Predicate is a currently known predicate. Predicates are created if a triples is created that uses this predicate or a property of the predicate is set using rdf_set_predicate/2. The predicate may (no longer) have triples associated with it.

Note that resources that have rdf:type rdf:Property are not automatically included in the result-set of this predicate, while all resources that appear as the second argument of a triple are included.

See also

- rdf_predicate_property/2.

 rdf_predicate_property(?Predicate, ?Property)

Query properties of a defined predicate. Currently defined properties are given below.

symmetric(Bool)

True if the predicate is defined to be symetric. I.e., {A} P {B} implies {B} P {A}. Setting symmetric is equivalent to inverse_of(Self).

inverse_of(Inverse)

True if this predicate is the inverse of Inverse. This property is used by rdf_has/3, rdf_has/4, rdf_reachable/3 and rdf_reachable/5.

transitive(Bool)

True if this predicate is transitive. This predicate is currently not used. It might be used to make rdf_has/3 imply rdf_reachable/3 for transitive predicates.

triples(Triples)

Unify Triples with the number of existing triples using this predicate as second argument. Reporting the number of triples is intended to support query optimization.

rdf_subject_branch_factor(-Float)

Unify Float with the average number of triples associated with each unique value for the subject-side of this relation. If there are no triples the value 0.0 is returned. This value is cached with the predicate and recomputed only after substantial changes to the triple set associated to this relation. This property is intended for path optimalisation when solving conjunctions of rdf/3 goals.

rdf_object_branch_factor(-Float)

Unify Float with the average number of triples associated with each unique value for the object-side of this relation. In addition to the comments with the rdf_subject_branch_factor property, uniqueness of the object value is computed from the hash key rather than the actual values.

rdfs_subject_branch_factor(-Float)

Same as rdf_subject_branch_factor, but also considering triples of `subPropertyOf' this relation. See also rdf_has/3.

rdfs_object_branch_factor(-Float)

Same as rdf_object_branch_factor, but also considering triples of `subPropertyOf' this relation. See also rdf_has/3.

See also

- rdf_set_predicate/2.

 rdf_set_predicate(+Predicate, +Property) is det

Define a property of the predicate. This predicate currently supports the following properties:

symmetric(+Boolean)

Set/unset the predicate as being symmetric. Using symmetric(true) is the same as inverse_of(Predicate), i.e., creating a predicate that is the inverse of itself.

transitive(+Boolean)

Sets the transitive property.

inverse_of(+Predicate2)

Define Predicate as the inverse of Predicate2. An inverse relation is deleted using inverse_of([]).

The transitive property is currently not used. The symmetric and inverse_of properties are considered by rdf_has/3,4 and rdf_reachable/3.

To be done

- Maintain these properties based on OWL triples.

 rdf_snapshot(-Snapshot) is det

Take a snapshot of the current state of the RDF store. Later, goals may be executed in the context of the database at this moment using rdf_transaction/3 with the snapshot option. A snapshot created outside a transaction exists until it is deleted. Snapshots taken inside a transaction can only be used inside this transaction.

 rdf_delete_snapshot(+Snapshot) is det

Delete a snapshot as obtained from rdf_snapshot/1. After this call, resources used for maintaining the snapshot become subject to garbage collection.

 rdf_current_snapshot(?Term) is nondet

True when Term is a currently known snapshot.

bug

- Enumeration of snapshots is slow.

 rdf_transaction(:Goal) is semidet

Same as rdf_transaction(Goal, user, []). See rdf_transaction/3.

 rdf_transaction(:Goal, +Id) is semidet

Same as rdf_transaction(Goal, Id, []). See rdf_transaction/3.

 rdf_transaction(:Goal, +Id, +Options) is semidet

Run Goal in an RDF transaction. Compared to the ACID model, RDF transactions have the following properties:

1. Modifications inside the transactions become all atomically visible to the outside world if Goal succeeds or remain invisible if Goal fails or throws an exception. I.e., the atomicy property is fully supported.
2. Consistency is not guaranteed. Later versions may implement consistency constraints that will be checked serialized just before the actual commit of a transaction.
3. Concurrently executing transactions do not infuence each other. I.e., the isolation property is fully supported.
4. Durability can be activated by loading library(semweb/rdf_persistency).

Processed options are:

snapshot(+Snapshot)

Execute Goal using the state of the RDF store as stored in Snapshot. See rdf_snapshot/1. Snapshot can also be the atom true, which implies that an anonymous snapshot is created at the current state of the store. Modifications due to executing Goal are only visible to Goal.

 rdf_active_transaction(?Id) is nondet

True if Id is the identifier of a transaction in the context of which this call is executed. If Id is not instantiated, backtracking yields transaction identifiers starting with the innermost nested transaction. Transaction identifier terms are not copied, need not be ground and can be instantiated during the transaction.

 rdf_monitor(:Goal, +Options)

Call Goal if specified actions occur on the database.

 rdf_warm_indexes

Warm all indexes. See rdf_warm_indexes/1.

 rdf_warm_indexes(+Indexes) is det

Create the named indexes. Normally, the RDF database creates indexes on lazily the first time they are needed. This predicate serves two purposes: it provides an explicit way to make sure that the required indexes are present and creating multiple indexes at the same time is more efficient.

 rdf_update_duplicates is det

Update the duplicate administration of the RDF store. This marks every triple that is potentionally a duplicate of another as duplicate. Being potentially a duplicate means that subject, predicate and object are equivalent and the life-times of the two triples overlap.

The duplicates marks are used to reduce the administrative load of avoiding duplicate answers. Normally, the duplicates are marked using a background thread that is started on the first query that produces a substantial amount of duplicates.

 rdf_update_duplicates is det

Update the duplicate administration. If this adminstration is up-to-date, each triples that may have a duplicate is flagged. The predicate rdf/3 uses this administration to speedup checking for duplicate answers.

This predicate is normally executed from a background thread named =__rdf_duplicate_detecter= which is created when a query discovers that checking for duplicates becomes too expensive.

 rdf_save_db(+File) is det

 rdf_save_db(+File, +Graph) is det

Save triples into File in a quick-to-load binary format. If Graph is supplied only triples flagged to originate from that database are added. Files created this way can be loaded using rdf_load_db/1.

 rdf_load_db(+File) is det

Load triples from a file created using rdf_save_db/2.

 rdf_load(+FileOrList) is det

Same as rdf_load(FileOrList, []). See rdf_load/2.

 rdf_load(+FileOrList, :Options) is det

Load RDF data. Options provides additional processing options. Defined options are:

blank_nodes(+ShareMode)

How to handle equivalent blank nodes. If share (default), equivalent blank nodes are shared in the same resource.

base_uri(+URI)

URI that is used for rdf:about="" and other RDF constructs that are relative to the base uri. Default is the source URL.

concurrent(+Jobs)

If FileOrList is a list of files, process the input files using Jobs threads concurrently. Default is the mininum of the number of cores and the number of inputs. Higher values can be useful when loading inputs from (slow) network connections. Using 1 (one) does not use separate worker threads.

format(+Format)

Specify the source format explicitly. Normally this is deduced from the filename extension or the mime-type. The core library understands the formats xml (RDF/XML) and triples (internal quick load and cache format). Plugins, such as library(semweb/turtle) extend the set of recognised extensions.

graph(?Graph)

Named graph in which to load the data. It is not allowed to load two sources into the same named graph. If Graph is unbound, it is unified to the graph into which the data is loaded. The default graph is a file:// URL when loading a file or, if the specification is a URL, its normalized version without the optional #fragment.

if(Condition)

When to load the file. One of true, changed (default) or not_loaded.

modified(-Modified)

Unify Modified with one of not_modified, cached(File), last_modified(Stamp) or unknown.

cache(Bool)

If false, do not use or create a cache file.

register_namespaces(Bool)

If true (default false), register xmlns namespace declarations or Turtle @prefix prefixes using rdf_register_prefix/3 if there is no conflict.

silent(+Bool)

If true, the message reporting completion is printed using level silent. Otherwise the level is informational. See also print_message/2.

prefixes(-Prefixes)

Returns the prefixes defined in the source data file as a list of pairs.

multifile +Boolean

Indicate that the addressed graph may be populated with triples from multiple sources. This disables caching and avoids that an rdf_load/2 call affecting the specified graph cleans the graph.

Other options are forwarded to process_rdf/3. By default, rdf_load/2 only loads RDF/XML from files. It can be extended to load data from other formats and locations using plugins. The full set of plugins relevant to support different formats and locations is below:

:- use_module(library(semweb/turtle)).        % Turtle and TriG
:- use_module(library(semweb/rdf_ntriples)).
:- use_module(library(semweb/rdf_zlib_plugin)).
:- use_module(library(semweb/rdf_http_plugin)).
:- use_module(library(http/http_ssl_plugin)).

See also

- rdf_open_hook/3, library(semweb/rdf_persistency) and library(semweb/rdf_cache)

 rdf_file_type(+Extension, -Format) is semidet[multifile]

True if Format is the format belonging to the given file extension. This predicate is multifile and can thus be extended by plugins.

 rdf_load_stream(+Format, +Stream, :Options)[multifile]

Load RDF data from Stream.

To be done

- Handle mime-types?

 rdf_unload(+Source) is det

Identify the graph loaded from Source and use rdf_unload_graph/1 to erase this graph.

deprecated

- For compatibility, this predicate also accepts a graph name instead of a source specification. Please update your code to use rdf_unload_graph/1.

 rdf_unload_graph(+Graph) is det

Remove Graph from the RDF store. Succeeds silently if the named graph does not exist.

 rdf_create_graph(+Graph) is det

Create an RDF graph without triples. Succeeds silently if the graph already exists.

 rdf_graph(?Graph) is nondet

True when Graph is an existing graph.

 rdf_source(?Graph, ?SourceURL) is nondet

True if named Graph is loaded from SourceURL.

deprecated

- Use rdf_graph_property(Graph, source(SourceURL)).

 rdf_source(?Source)

True if Source is a loaded source.

deprecated

- Use rdf_graph/1 or rdf_source/2.

 rdf_make

Reload all loaded files that have been modified since the last time they were loaded.

 rdf_graph_property(?Graph, ?Property) is nondet

True when Property is a property of Graph. Defined properties are:

hash(Hash)

Hash is the (MD5-)hash for the content of Graph.

modified(Boolean)

True if the graph is modified since it was loaded or rdf_set_graph/2 was called with modified(false).

source(Source)

The graph is loaded from the Source (a URL)

source_last_modified(?Time)

Time is the last-modified timestamp of Source at the moment the graph was loaded from Source.

triples(Count)

True when Count is the number of triples in Graph.

Additional graph properties can be added by defining rules for the multifile predicate property_of_graph/2. Currently, the following extensions are defined:

• library(semweb/rdf_persistency)

  persistent(Boolean)

  Boolean is true if the graph is persistent.

 rdf_set_graph(+Graph, +Property) is det

Set properties of Graph. Defined properties are:

modified(false)

Set the modified state of Graph to false.

 rdf_reset_db

Remove all triples from the RDF database and reset all its statistics.

bug

- This predicate checks for active queries, but this check is not properly synchronized and therefore the use of this predicate is unsafe in multi-threaded contexts. It is mainly used to run functionality tests that need to start with an empty database.

 rdf_save(+Out) is det

Same as rdf_save(Out, []). See rdf_save/2 for details.

 rdf_save(+Out, :Options) is det

Write RDF data as RDF/XML. Options is a list of one or more of the following options:

graph(+Graph)

Save only triples associated to the given named Graph.

anon(Bool)

If false (default true) do not save blank nodes that do not appear (indirectly) as object of a named resource.

base_uri(URI)

BaseURI used. If present, all URIs that can be represented relative to this base are written using their shorthand. See also write_xml_base option.

convert_typed_literal(:Convertor)

Call Convertor(-Type, -Content, +RDFObject), providing the opposite for the convert_typed_literal option of the RDF parser.

document_language(+Lang)

Initial xml:lang saved with rdf:RDF element.

encoding(Encoding)

Encoding for the output. Either utf8 or iso_latin_1.

inline(+Bool)

If true (default false), inline resources when encountered for the first time. Normally, only bnodes are handled this way.

namespaces(+List)

Explicitly specify saved namespace declarations. See rdf_save_header/2 option namespaces for details.

sorted(+Boolean)

If true (default false), emit subjects sorted on the full URI. Useful to make file comparison easier.

write_xml_base(Bool)

If false, do not include the xml:base declaration that is written normally when using the base_uri option.

xml_attributes(+Bool)

If false (default true), never use xml attributes to save plain literal attributes, i.e., always used an XML element as in <name>Joe</name>.

Arguments:

Out	- Location to save the data. This can also be a file-url (file://path) or a stream wrapped in a term stream(Out).

See also

- rdf_save_db/1

 rdf_save_header(+Fd, +Options)

Save XML document header, doctype and open the RDF environment. This predicate also sets up the namespace notation.

Save an RDF header, with the XML header, DOCTYPE, ENTITY and opening the rdf:RDF element with appropriate namespace declarations. It uses the primitives from section 3.5 to generate the required namespaces and desired short-name. Options is one of:

graph(+URI)

Only search for namespaces used in triples that belong to the given named graph.

namespaces(+List)

Where List is a list of namespace abbreviations. With this option, the expensive search for all namespaces that may be used by your data is omitted. The namespaces rdf and rdfs are added to the provided List. If a namespace is not declared, the resource is emitted in non-abreviated form.

 rdf_graph_prefixes(?Graph, -List:ord_set) is det

 rdf_graph_prefixes(?Graph, -List:ord_set, :Options) is det

List is a sorted list of prefixes (namepaces) in Graph. Options defined are:

filter(:Filter)

optional Filter argument is used to filter the results. It is called with 3 additional arguments:

call(Filter, Where, Prefix, URI)

The Where argument gives the location of the prefix ans is one of subject, predicate, object or type. The Prefix argument is the potentionally new prefix and URI is the full URI that is being processed.

expand(:Goal)

Hook to generate the graph. Called using

call(Goal,S,P,O,Graph)

min_count(+Count)

Only include prefixes that appear at least N times. Default is 1. Declared prefixes are always returned if found at least one time.

get_prefix(:GetPrefix)

Predicate to extract the candidate prefix from an IRI. Default is iri_xml_namespace/2.

 rdf_save_footer(Out:stream) is det

Finish XML generation and write the document footer.

See also

- rdf_save_header/2, rdf_save_subject/3.

 rdf_save_subject(+Out, +Subject:resource, +Options) is det

Save the triples associated to Subject to Out. Options:

graph(+Graph)

Only save properties from Graph.

base_uri(+URI)

convert_typed_literal(:Goal)

document_language(+XMLLang)

See also

- rdf_save/2 for a description of these options.

 rdf_compare(-Dif, +Object1, +Object2) is det

Compare two object terms. Where SPARQL defines a partial ordering, we define a complete ordering of terms. The ordering is defines as:

• Blank nodes < IRIs < Literals
• Numeric literals < other literals
• Numeric literals are compared by value and then by type, where Integer < Decimal < Double
• Other literals are compare lexically, case insensitive. If equal, uppercase preceeds lowercase. If still equal, the types are compared lexically.

 rdf_match_label(+How, +Pattern, +Label) is semidet

True if Label matches Pattern according to How. How is one of icase, substring, word, prefix or like. For backward compatibility, exact is a synonym for icase.

 rdf_split_url(+Prefix, +Local, -URL) is det

rdf_split_url(-Prefix, -Local, +URL) is det

Split/join a URL. This functionality is moved to library(sgml).

deprecated

- Use iri_xml_namespace/3. Note that the argument order is iri_xml_namespace(+IRI, -Namespace, -Localname).

 rdf_url_namespace(+URL, -Namespace)

Namespace is the namespace of URL.

deprecated

- Use iri_xml_namespace/2

 rdf_new_literal_map(-Map) is det

Create a new literal map, returning an opaque handle.

 rdf_destroy_literal_map(+Map) is det

Destroy a literal map. After this call, further use of the Map handle is illegal. Additional synchronisation is needed if maps that are shared between threads are destroyed to guarantee the handle is no longer used. In some scenarios rdf_reset_literal_map/1 provides a safe alternative.

 rdf_reset_literal_map(+Map) is det

Delete all content from the literal map.

 rdf_insert_literal_map(+Map, +Key, +Value) is det

Add a relation between Key and Value to the map. If this relation already exists no action is performed.

 rdf_insert_literal_map(+Map, +Key, +Value, -KeyCount) is det

As rdf_insert_literal_map/3. In addition, if Key is a new key in Map, unify KeyCount with the number of keys in Map. This serves two purposes. Derived maps, such as the stem and metaphone maps need to know about new keys and it avoids additional foreign calls for doing the progress in rdf_litindex.pl.

 rdf_delete_literal_map(+Map, +Key) is det

Delete Key and all associated values from the map.

 rdf_delete_literal_map(+Map, +Key, +Value) is det

Delete the association between Key and Value from the map.

 rdf_find_literal_map(+Map, +KeyList, -ValueList) is det

Unify ValueList with an ordered set of values associated to all keys from KeyList. Each key in KeyList is either an atom, an integer or a term not(Key). If not-terms are provided, there must be at least one positive keywords. The negations are tested after establishing the positive matches.

 rdf_keys_in_literal_map(+Map, +Spec, -Answer) is det

Realises various queries on the key-set:

• all Unify Answer with an ordered list of all keys.
• key(+Key) Succeeds if Key is a key in the map and unify Answer with the number of values associated with the key. This provides a fast test of existence without fetching the possibly large associated value set as with rdf_find_literal_map/3.
• prefix(+Prefix) Unify Answer with an ordered set of all keys that have the given prefix. See section 3.1 for details on prefix matching. Prefix must be an atom. This call is intended for auto-completion in user interfaces.
• ge(+Min) Unify Answer with all keys that are larger or equal to the integer Min.
• le(+Max) Unify Answer with all keys that are smaller or equal to the integer Max.
• between(+Min, +Max) Unify Answer with all keys between Min and Max (including).

 rdf_statistics_literal_map(+Map, -KeyValue)

Query some statistics of the map. Provides KeyValue are:

size(-Keys, -Relations)

Unify Keys with the total key-count of the index and Relation with the total Key-Value count.

 rdf_version(-Version) is det

True when Version is the numerical version-id of this library. The version is computed as

Major*10000 + Minor*100 + Patch.

 rdf_set(+Term) is det

Set properties of the RDF store. Currently defines:

hash(+Hash, +Parameter, +Value)

Set properties for a triple index. Hash is one of s, p, sp, o, po, spo, g, sg or pg. Parameter is one of:

size

Value defines the number of entries in the hash-table. Value is rounded down to a power of 2. After setting the size explicitly, auto-sizing for this table is disabled. Setting the size smaller than the current size results in a permission_error exception.

average_chain_len

Set maximum average collision number for the hash.

optimize_threshold

Related to resizing hash-tables. If 0, all triples are moved to the new size by the garbage collector. If more then zero, those of the last Value resize steps remain at their current location. Leaving cells at their current location reduces memory fragmentation and slows down access.

 rdf_md5(+Graph, -MD5) is det

True when MD5 is the MD5 hash for all triples in graph. The MD5 digest itself is represented as an atom holding a 32-character hexadecimal string. The library maintains the digest incrementally on rdf_load/[1,2], rdf_load_db/1, rdf_assert/[3,4] and rdf_retractall/[3,4]. Checking whether the digest has changed since the last rdf_load/[1,2] call provides a practical means for checking whether the file needs to be saved.

deprecated

- New code should use rdf_graph_property(Graph, hash(Hash)).

 rdf_generation(-Generation) is det

True when Generation is the current generation of the database. Each modification to the database increments the generation. It can be used to check the validity of cached results deduced from the database. Committing a non-empty transaction increments the generation by one.

When inside a transaction, Generation is unified to a term TransactionStartGen + InsideTransactionGen. E.g., 4+3 means that the transaction was started at generation 4 of the global database and we have created 3 new generations inside the transaction. Note that this choice of representation allows for comparing generations using Prolog arithmetic. Comparing a generation in one transaction with a generation in another transaction is meaningless.

 rdf_estimate_complexity(?Subject, ?Predicate, ?Object, -Complexity)

Return the number of alternatives as indicated by the database internal hashed indexing. This is a rough measure for the number of alternatives we can expect for an rdf_has/3 call using the given three arguments. When called with three variables, the total number of triples is returned. This estimate is used in query optimisation. See also rdf_predicate_property/2 and rdf_statistics/1 for additional information to help optimizers.

 rdf_debug(+Level) is det

Set debugging to Level. Level is an integer 0..9. Default is 0 no debugging.

 rdf_atom_md5(+Text, +Times, -MD5) is det

Computes the MD5 hash from Text, which is an atom, string or list of character codes. Times is an integer >= 1. When > 0, the MD5 algorithm is repeated Times times on the generated hash. This can be used for password encryption algorithms to make generate-and-test loops slow.

deprecated

- Obviously, password hash primitives do not belong in this library. The library(crypto) from the \const{ssl} package provides extensive support for hashes. The \const{clib} package provides library(crypt) to access the OS (Unix) password hash implementation as well as lightweight implementations of several popular hashes.

Re-exported predicates

The following predicates are re-exported from other modules

 rdf_global_object(+Object, :GlobalObject) is semidet

rdf_global_object(-Object, :GlobalObject) is semidet

Same as rdf_global_id/2, but intended for dealing with the object part of a triple, in particular the type for typed literals. Note that the predicate is a meta-predicate on the output argument. This is necessary to get the module context while the first argument may be of the form (:)/2.

Errors

- existence_error(rdf_prefix, Prefix)

 rdf_current_ns(:Prefix, ?URI) is nondet

deprecated

- Use rdf_current_prefix/2.

 rdf_current_prefix(:Alias, ?URI) is nondet

Query predefined prefixes and prefixes defined with rdf_register_prefix/2 and local prefixes defined with rdf_prefix/2. If Alias is unbound and one URI is the prefix of another, the longest is returned first. This allows turning a resource into a prefix/local couple using the simple enumeration below. See rdf_global_id/2.

rdf_current_prefix(Prefix, Expansion),
atom_concat(Expansion, Local, URI),

 rdf_meta(+Heads)

This directive defines the argument types of the named predicates, which will force compile time namespace expansion for these predicates. Heads is a coma-separated list of callable terms. Defined argument properties are:

:

Argument is a goal. The goal is processed using expand_goal/2, recursively applying goal transformation on the argument.

+

The argument is instantiated at entry. Nothing is changed.

-

The argument is not instantiated at entry. Nothing is changed.

?

The argument is unbound or instantiated at entry. Nothing is changed.

@

The argument is not changed.

r

The argument must be a resource. If it is a term prefix:local it is translated.

o

The argument is an object or resource. See rdf_global_object/2.

t

The argument is a term that must be translated. Expansion will translate all occurences of prefix:local appearing anywhere in the term. See rdf_global_term/2.

As it is subject to term_expansion/2, the rdf_meta/1 declaration can only be used as a directive. The directive must be processed before the definition of the predicates as well as before compiling code that uses the rdf meta-predicates. The atom rdf_meta is declared as an operator exported from library(semweb/rdf_db). Files using rdf_meta/1 must explicitely load this library.

Beginning with SWI-Prolog 7.3.17, the low-level RDF interface (rdf/3, rdf_assert/3, etc.) perform runtime expansion of Prefix:Local terms. This eliminates the need for rdf_meta/1 for simple cases. However, runtime expansion comes at a significant overhead and having two representations for IRIs (a plain atom and a term Prefix:Local) implies that simple operations such as comparison of IRIs no longer map to native Prolog operations such as IRI1 == IRI2.

 rdf_unregister_prefix(+Alias) is det

Delete a prefix global registration.

 rdf_global_id(?IRISpec, :IRI) is semidet

Convert between Prefix:Local and full IRI (an atom). If IRISpec is an atom, it is simply unified with IRI. This predicate fails silently if IRI is an RDF literal.

Note that this predicate is a meta-predicate on its output argument. This is necessary to get the module context while the first argument may be of the form (:)/2. The above mode description is correct, but should be interpreted as (?,?).

Errors

- existence_error(rdf_prefix, Prefix)

See also

- rdf_equal/2 provides a compile time alternative

- The rdf_meta/1 directive asks for compile time expansion of arguments.

bug

- Error handling is incomplete. In its current implementation the same code is used for compile-time expansion and to facilitate runtime conversion and checking. These use cases have different requirements.

 rdf_prefix(:Alias, +URI) is det

Register a local prefix. This declaration takes precedence over globally defined prefixes using rdf_register_prefix/2,3. Module local prefixes are notably required to deal with SWISH, where users need to be able to have independent namespace declarations.

 rdf_register_ns(:Prefix, ?URI) is det

 rdf_register_ns(:Prefix, ?URI, +Options) is det

Register an RDF prefix.

deprecated

- Use rdf_register_prefix/2 or rdf_register_prefix/3.

 rdf_register_prefix(+Prefix, +URI) is det

 rdf_register_prefix(+Prefix, +URI, +Options) is det

Register Prefix as an abbreviation for URI. Options:

force(Boolean)

If true, replace existing namespace alias. Please note that replacing a namespace is dangerous as namespaces affect preprocessing. Make sure all code that depends on a namespace is compiled after changing the registration.

keep(Boolean)

If true and Alias is already defined, keep the original binding for Prefix and succeed silently.

Without options, an attempt to redefine an alias raises a permission error.

Predefined prefixes are:

Alias	IRI prefix
dc	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
dcterms	http://purl.org/dc/terms/
eor	http://dublincore.org/2000/03/13/eor#
foaf	http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
owl	http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf	http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs	http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
serql	http://www.openrdf.org/schema/serql#
skos	http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
void	http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
xsd	http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

 rdf_global_term(+TermIn, :GlobalTerm) is det

Performs rdf_global_id/2 on predixed IRIs and rdf_global_object/2 on RDF literals, by recursively analysing the term. Note that the predicate is a meta-predicate on the output argument. This is necessary to get the module context while the first argument may be of the form (:)/2.

Terms of the form Prefix:Local that appear in TermIn for which Prefix is not defined are not replaced. Unlike rdf_global_id/2 and rdf_global_object/2, no error is raised.

 rdf_register_ns(:Prefix, ?URI) is det

 rdf_register_ns(:Prefix, ?URI, +Options) is det

Register an RDF prefix.

deprecated

- Use rdf_register_prefix/2 or rdf_register_prefix/3.

 rdf_register_prefix(+Prefix, +URI) is det

 rdf_register_prefix(+Prefix, +URI, +Options) is det

Register Prefix as an abbreviation for URI. Options:

force(Boolean)

If true, replace existing namespace alias. Please note that replacing a namespace is dangerous as namespaces affect preprocessing. Make sure all code that depends on a namespace is compiled after changing the registration.

keep(Boolean)

If true and Alias is already defined, keep the original binding for Prefix and succeed silently.

Without options, an attempt to redefine an alias raises a permission error.

Predefined prefixes are:

Alias	IRI prefix
dc	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
dcterms	http://purl.org/dc/terms/
eor	http://dublincore.org/2000/03/13/eor#
foaf	http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
owl	http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf	http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs	http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
serql	http://www.openrdf.org/schema/serql#
skos	http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
void	http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
xsd	http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Undocumented predicates

The following predicates are exported, but not or incorrectly documented.

 rdf_graph_prefixes(Arg1, Arg2, Arg3)

 rdf_save_db(Arg1, Arg2)

 rdf_update(Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4, Arg5)